Forbidden and Dangerous Information Technology

Acquaintance Due with the dynamic pace with which innovation keeps springing up in the data and correspondence division, creating sets of accepted rules for directing morals in the business keeps on confronting a troublesome task.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Forbidden and Dangerous Information Technology explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Markedly, the ethical sets of principles help in managing the way of life of data dispersal and sharing. The ethical codes assume a basic job in sustaining an ethically upstanding society. Unchecked data inside the web and other interpersonal organization gatherings endanger the capacity of controlling data that require tact (Drahos Braithwaite, 2003). Along these lines, building up a data innovation code of morals require close investigation of the moral speculations and properties that manage other expert orders. Since various innovative headway address various arrangements of administrative structure s, it is imperative to explain registering difficulties dependent on moral hypotheses in every one of the particular case being referred to. Morals and protected innovation Technology, particularly in the military and correspondence field stay helpless against deceptive use and abuse. From improvement of weapons, for example, automatons to presentation of malware in enemies’ frameworks, the unscrupulous utilization of innovative headway risks appropriate work of mechanical progressions. With increasing paces of PC proficiency across significant economies on the planet, unchecked utilization of innovation doesn't just present an unbalanced situation to monetary turn of events, yet additionally to dynamic utilization of power in the midst of war and other conflicts.Advertising Looking for article on interchanges media? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Collateral harm and different mass decimation activities turns out to be simple when innovative improvements supersede the human parts of morals and good implicit rules (Allen, 2008). What we should fabricate Adequate strategy elaboration to control morals Access control Access to certain basic and effectively abused mechanical assets needs limitation to fitting practical unit heads. In, for example, setting, the useful unit head guarantees appropriate control and the board of the innovation to manage the odds of such mechanical assets arriving on wrong hands (Freeman, 2005). Correspondingly, such a kept arrangement of access guarantee utilitarian unit head takes the unit individuals through sufficient direction on the utilization and the executives of such assets before the colleagues assume control over duties. Lacking authority of innovation progressions can be lethal. For instance, a basic mix-up in test propelling of nuclear weapons presents the danger of a large number of death. During the time spent characterizing access sets of accepted rules, c onsideration of legitimate measures for arraignment in instances of infringement stays fundamental (Doyle, 2009). Useful and content-based control Institutions with delicate mechanical assets need to create rights to force specialized limitations on the entrance to their systems, particularly in cases that such access bargains the capacity to utilize certain gadgets, projects, and conventions. In teleology, morals expect that the ethical remaining of an activity depends on the outcomes of such activity. So as to control the outcomes of uncovering touchy mechanical assets to baseless people, establishments require controlled substance frameworks that direct asset accessibility and use. Moreover, establishments must create admonitions on the repercussions that accompany encroaching on the constrained substance use to guarantee that such guilty parties face the law.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Forbidden and Dangerous Information Technology explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Availing innovative assets, for example, obscene and vicious recordings inside an institution’s site need control to the guidelines and guidelines that administer such assets. Uncontrolled openness and substance utilization of such assets bargain morals and cultural ethics (Vaidhyanathan, 2003). What we ought not know Access and security codes Security get to codes and individual passwords help in controlling use and dispersal of mechanical assets. In such a setting, organizations with touchy innovative assets accord every representative an individual ID accounts. In the event of unapproved access and utilization of any gadget or asset, clients of the records assume full liability. Carelessness in the assurance of such access code accompanies desperate outcomes. Despite the fact that codes offer assurance from outlandish access, programmers keep on getting to data and mechanical assets effortlessly from institutional sites and systems. Appr opriate layers of secret phrase with entangled security nature help in controlling access through hacking. Clients of such institutional record must regard the protection of different clients. Foundations must characterize approaches against establishment of spywares that can nose about individual securities (Doyle, 2009). What are we not permitted to do? Near the idea of access and security codes, lies the issue of protection. With progression in innovation and online stockpiling of individual information, individuals have their own data lying in different interpersonal organizations locales. In spite of putting such data on the social web voluntarily, electronic databases empower simple exchange and capacity of such information. The amount of individual information accessible inside a data framework incorporates money related, clinical, instructive, and business statements.Advertising Searching for article on interchanges media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Such a torrential slide of individual data inside the span of directors and programmers require satisfactorily controlled access for protection and security reasons. People, governments, and work foundations have nitty gritty frameworks of individual data. Despite the fact that few laws like the 1986 Electronic Communication Privacy Act of the United States targets controlling the utilization and access to such close to home data, there exists a wide scope of holes that need appropriate authoritative control. Most insecure innovation Genetic building presents conceivable possibilities for the mechanical desire. With the capacities of things to come guardians to direct the qualities of their kids, the monetarily steady individuals from the general public will have the ability to decide their children’s sex, stature, eye shading, hair, and even skin shading (Sandel, 2007). Similarly, they will direct the sort of attributes in their posterity relying upon their preferences and in clinations. Regardless of these turns of events, note that the selection of inclinations picked accompany moderately obscure outcomes. Hereditary alteration of qualities combined with the utilization of hereditarily changed nourishments further handicapped person the common condition of human presence. Similarly as the disclosure of DDT during the 1950s introduced an incredible advance towards the control of bugs and creepy crawly related diseases, hereditary building accompanies a wide cluster of negative results. Interruption into the regular settings of plants and living beings through hereditary adjustment in plants, creatures, creepy crawlies, microorganisms, and infections bargains the capacity of the human body to respond to the ailments (Drahos Braithwaite, 2003). Additionally, a few microscopic organisms and infections causing human and creature disease keep on transforming while others recombine to adequately manage human guard frameworks. Utilization of hereditarily adjus ted creature brings up issues on the significance of natural and human morals in the utilization of innovation. For instance, researchers touted innovation of DDT as an achievement in the battle against obtrusive creepy crawlies and their related sickness. Nonetheless, a couple of years after the fact, results demonstrated that the negative effects of the utilization of DDT exceeded the positive effects. Researchers require moral remaining in investigating both the positive effects and negative ramifications related with any mechanical headway (Dumas, 1999). End Technology assumes a significant job in making work simpler for people. For example, the speed at which people can send mass messages to numerous beneficiaries over the world stays high because of the web and other mechanical headways. Be that as it may, there exists a slim line among positive and negative effects of the innovative progression. As it is anything but difficult to send writings to different beneficiaries, inte rruption into such sends and messages remains moderately simple. This calls for moral administration frameworks inside innovation the board frameworks to control the abuse of such headways. References Allen, A.L. (2008). The Virtuous Spy: Privacy as an Ethical Limit. The Monist, 91(1), 3-22. Doyle, T. (2009). Security and Perfect Voyeurism. Morals and Information Technology, 11(4), 181-189. Drahos, P., Braithwaite, J. (2003). Data feudalism: Who claims the information economy? London: Earthscan. Dumas, L. J. (1999). Deadly pomposity: Human unsteadiness and perilous innovations. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Freeman, L. (2005). Data morals security and licensed innovation. Hershey, PA: Information Science Pub. Sandel, M. (2007). The body of evidence against flawlessness: Ethics in the period of hereditary designing. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Vaidhyanathan, S. (2003). Copyrights and copywrongs: The ascent of protected innovation and how it com promises imagination. New York: New York University Press. This article on Forbidden and Dangerous Information Technology was composed and put together by client Thunderball to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize I

Life On Other Planets Essays - Planetary Science, Astrobiology

Life On Other Planets Life On Other Planets Life exists on different planets. Out of the billions of heavenly bodies, there must be an opportunity that a least a few planets can bolster life. Life may have created on the planets like life created here, yet it might have grown contrastingly moreover. Is it accurate to say that they are more clever than we are or would they say they are single-celled creatures? Do they have communicated abilities, so they can get in touch with us? It returns to how life on Earth began. In the beginning of Earth, the air was simply carbon monoxide, however green growth formed into plants which created oxygen (Rather and Bowen 2). That carries us to the topic of how the green growth arrived. The response to that question may lay right underneath us, at the base of the earth. There are researchers in Antarctica diving in the snow wanting to discover a few answers. A portion of earth's fossil records demonstrate that inside a multi year time of it's development as a planet, when overwhelming assault by space rocks stopped, crude life forms, for example, microorganisms and green growth advanced and spread far and wide rapidly. Those life forms delineated the totality of life here for the following two billion years or somewhere in the vicinity. Accordingly, if life exists on different planets, it likely could be in this profoundly uncommunicative structure. Therefore it may be some time until it would at last advance into a marginally smart type of life. As green growth turned out to be increasingly broad, they started adding a lot of oxygen to Earth's air. The assembling of oxygen, took care of by vitality got from daylight, is essential to carbon-based life. Oxygen is a synthetically receptive gas; without proceeded with renewal by green growth and, later in Earth's development, by plants, its focus would fall. Therefore, the nearness of a lot of oxygen in a planet's climate is a decent marker that some type of carbon-based life may exist there. Be that as it may, there is as yet an issue with regards to how the underlying bounce from non-alive to alive came to fruition. We know a ton of subtleties, and have an entirely smart thought of how life got from green growth to feline to man, however how we wound up with green growth is the central issue here. This puzzle makes it difficult for us to make sense of how life would emerge on different planets. Life isn't too puzzling, it is a property of an assortment of very intricate particles (Britt 1). So as to assist individuals with making sense of what planets out there could bolster life and may have life on them, we need to take a gander at what life needs to endure. In the event that different planets had carbon-based life they would almost certainly have the equivalent or near a similar science that earth has. Water is an amazing dissolvable forever's natural responses and fills in as a wellspring of required hydrogen. Carbon is an especially appropriate structure square of life. Carbon is plentiful 'in this universe, and no other realized component can frame the heap of complex however stable atoms vital for life as we probably am aware it. It is accepted that in the event that a planet looks like Earth and has fluid water and oxygen, at that point this would introduce solid proof for its having life. There could be some other non-natural source on a dormant planet. Life could likewise create from some other sort of science that doesn't produce oxygen. We should in any case have the option to distinguish all mixing from concoction buildups. There is a hypothesis that perhaps life originated from space, or the comets and shooting stars in it. Like goliath interstellar sperm, comets may ship the seeds of life from crumbled space mists to juvenile and in any case fruitless planets, saving their nurturing substances in a gigantic effect (Britt 1). Another PC shows that at any rate one structure square of DNA could create in space when mammoth billows of sub-atomic issue breakdown under their own gravity, crushing and compelling compound responses. On the off chance that the questionable hypothesis picks up help, it would be a jolt for a thought over 20 years of age: that life on Earth began in space (Britt 1). This hypothesis could clarify how life began on our planet so not long after this planet was shaped.

Blog Archive MBA Career Advice An Ear for Shared Opportunity

Blog Archive MBA Career Advice An Ear for Shared Opportunity In this weekly series, our friends at MBA Career Coaches will be dispensing invaluable advice to help you actively manage your career. Topics include building your network, learning from mistakes and setbacks, perfecting your written communication, and mastering even the toughest interviews. For more information or to sign up for a free career consultation, visit  www.mbacareercoaches.com. You will have a much better time fostering and maintaining meaningful professional relationships with people if you learn to develop an ear for shared opportunity. This means that as you go through life and work, you are attuned to the ways in which the information or people you are encountering could be useful not just to you but also to others. It means you think about things through the lens of possibility and interconnection. Let us say you just read an interesting article about developments in the field of neuroscience. (Note that this does not have to be about business. If you follow developments in specific fields because they are interesting to you, chances are they will be useful to someone else, too.) Some questions you might ask yourself if you have an ear for shared opportunity are as follows: Who do I know that would appreciate the findings in this article? How do the ideas in this article relate specifically to the work people I know are doing? Whose opinion or reaction am I interested in hearing about these ideas? Or imagine you are meeting new people at a charity benefit. Some questions that might occur to you are these: Who else do I know who should hear about this organization? I just met someone in corporate finance in a consumer goods company. Who do I know who wants to know more about that industry? The person I am talking to loves photography. Who else in my network is passionate about amateur photography and would enjoy talking to this person? The person I am talking to needs a new mechanic. I don’t have a car, but who was it that was bragging about their mechanic last week? If you are asking these questions, then making new connections will come very naturally. You will forward the article to three friends in different industries and let them know why you think the information could be useful to them. You will ask the consumer goods financier if he would like to join you and your friend for coffee next Wednesday afternoon. You will introduce your new friend to your colleague with the awesome mechanic. Connections flow very naturally when you have an ear for shared opportunity. Share ThisTweet MBA Career Advice

Social Welfare Vs. The Market - 958 Words

There are many reasons why individuals live in poverty. Such as drug addiction, lack of education, Unaffordable housing, criminal record, and alcohol addiction. These issues cripple our country continuously. â€Å"Poverty is not anyone persons decision. Parents do not wake up one day and just decide not to feed their family or pay bills. Poverty is a state when individual’s essential needs are not satisfied, Such as healthcare, education, food, and housing which are the main components to survive everyday life.† Bradley, R. H., Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Low income is defined as working families who earning twice as less as the federal poverty line. â€Å"The Studies have shown that poverty in the United States is by far one of the biggest issues in the country.† Poverty in the United States, Social Welfare vs the Market - (2011, May) According to the national center for children in poverty† more than 16 million children are living in low-income or poverty in the United States. Twenty-two percent of families are living below the federal poverty level. The stress of poverty can take both a psychological and physical toll on children and adults. Children that grow up in poverty are more susceptible to violence.† Children that live in poverty have a lot to deal with issues that the average child should know nothing about. Many children that grow up in poverty or live low-income life styles often suffer from mental issues, such as saver depression and becoming anti-social. Over half ofShow MoreRelatedMethodology - â€Å"Just Give Me a Number!† Practical Values for the Social Discount Rate1304 Words   |  6 Pagesrelative to the present period?† INTRAGENERATIONAL DISCOUNTING * Consumption rate of interest cum shadow price of capital method (CRI-SPC Method) * The level of public investment should be based on individual preference for present consumption vs. future consumption * The marginal rate of time preference * Investment is simply a means of using resources that are potentially available for consumption now in order to increase consumption later * Individuals typically have a positiveRead MoreEssay on Frances Welfare System 954 Words   |  4 Pages The welfare system in France is founded on the principle of solidarity. Solidarity is sense of the responsibility of the individuals in the society to help each other out. This is all for the common good (Spicker). In order to promote solidarity, France has a welfare system that includes universal entitlements, social insurance, means-tested public assistance, and tax expenditures programs. One aspect of the French welfare system is universal entitlements. One universal entitlement under the FrenchRead MoreHofstedes Improve Four Dimensions Helping Others1372 Words   |  6 Pagesside there’re societies with the high uncertainty avoidance characterized for don’t allow changes, established rules, just in necessary cases, experts have the better knowledge. Then is the Individualism vs Group/collectivist orientation, this dimension shows How people distribute their social life, importance of group life, goal achievements thinking in group goals or individual goals, sacrifice. For example societies like China, Japan, and Thailand. (Deresky Christopher, 2008) are collectivistRead MoreNational Differences in Political Economy1295 Words   |  6 Pages2 National Differences in Political Economy Global Political Economy Global political economy (GPE) is an academic discipline within the social sciences that analyzes international relations in combination with political economy. Political economy is most commonly used to refer to interdisciplinary studies that draw on economics, law, and political science in order to explain how political institutions, the political environment, and the economics mix with each other. 1 Roles of HistoryRead MorePositive Vs. Negative Externalities1254 Words   |  6 PagesPositive vs. Negative Externalities An externality exists when a third party who is not directly involved in a transaction (as a buyer or seller of the goods or services) incurs a cost or benefit. In other words, an externality arises when a third party to a transaction experiences side effects (which can be negative or positive to them) due to transactions between buyers and sellers. When the third party benefits from this, it is called a positive externality and when the third party suffersRead MoreIntroduction to Taxation1687 Words   |  7 Pages(individuals provide just money) Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods. Tariffs protect domestic producers. Taxes can be divided to: †¢ direct †¢ indirect Direct taxes are individual income tax, payroll tax (used to finance social) security, corporation income tax (tax on net profit of corporations), tax on property. Indirect taxes are custom duties on imported goods from abroad, exice taxes (telephone services, air travel, luxury commodities). VAT (Value-added tax) areRead MoreAdam Smith And Karl Marx1674 Words   |  7 Pagessolutions to the structural symptoms of liberal and neoliberal capitalism. Adam Smith was key in articulating early Enlightenment liberalism as an alternative to the increasing state powers and their subsequent involvement in regulating not only markets but also individual liberties. For Adam Smith, the free flow of goods and services was part and parcel of the early notions of individual liberties. In other words, Smith understood that the rising specialization of businesses, which would increaseRead MoreThe Death Of Horatio Alger1652 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause wealth grows faster than the economy according to Thomas Piketty, and people are not able to move up through economic classes according to Paul Krugman. Economic inequality is a problem that can be overcome with raise the minimum wage, expand welfare benefits, and provide higher education. In his TED talk, Piketty forms a simple formula explaining the economic inequality, which is r g. This means the return on capital is higher than the economic growth. In The Death of Horatio Alger, KrugmanRead MoreWelfare Marijuana Of Our Society1303 Words   |  6 PagesWelfare -The Cannabis of Our Society Welfare has been a major controversy in the realm of social policy for many years. Welfare has become a fundamental part of everyday life for many families. The present state of Welfare does not encourage job growth, reduce poverty, or reduce dependence on governmental aid in the United States despite its work relief elements and large governmental programs. Currently the United States’ Welfare system is being abused by its members and it should be monitoredRead MoreGlobalization and the Nation State Essay1633 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol over the economy. We are trying to determine whether or not globalization leads to a greater social and economic inequality in society. We will begin by discussing how the globalization of economy has played the largest role in changing todays world. Following the economical evolution, social changes have become increasingly important due to the increased awareness of cultural, ethical and social issues across the globe. Due to globalization, the worlds economy has become more and more interlinked

The Model Of Intervention For Special Or General Education...

Introduction Assessment is a regular occurrence in any classroom because it is used to monitor progress of the student and teacher by seeing how well the student understands the content and/or if the given intervention that was given to the student is improving the student’s learning; the latter involves the Response to Intervention model. These results is a key component when determining students’ placement in Special or General Education settings. Educational laws have emphasized an increased focus on assessment of all student comparatively to assess where every student is academically. This flux of students in Special Education has led to a disproportion and overrepresentation of cultural groups. This lead to assessment measures to†¦show more content†¦Another type of assessment, high-stakes testing, actual measures the state’s and districts ability to educate its students through adequate yearly progress. Before interventions can be given, an assessment plan is t o be created in order to make sure that they are using materials that details within the specific areas of concern which is done through a series of steps that includes: reviewing screening information, further need, what intervention to use, and who should give the intervention to the student. After it is found that the student is in need of intervention, a comprehensive evaluation is done to find the best way to help the student. During the eligibility meeting, the IEP team decides if Individualized education program (IEP) is needed; if it is not needed, then alternative planning of assistance in a General Education classroom can be used. If the child is 3 years old or younger, than the child can receive an Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP). Laws, Ethics, and Issues During the 70s, education for students with disabilities were starting to improve through laws. Free and Appropriate education for students were passed under Public Law 94-142. Other key feature to a modern education or students were created through laws and were re-authorized and possibly reworked throughout the years as improvements and/or as new laws. The Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA), expanded on what appropriate education as and focused on assessment measures

I Can Find Racism Anywhere Politically - 956 Words

Brandon Glover AMST.370.02 2/21/16 Response Paper You can find Racism anywhere politically, in our government, schools, and especially in law enforcement as well as courts of law. There is a term for this that is called Institutionalized racism. It has been around for years, since the days of slavery in the United States and is still an ongoing issue today. Slavery forever created tensions in race relations in the United States. It may very well be the earliest form of Institutionalized racism in our countries history, yet it certainly wasn’t the last. African Americans continued to face even more adversity with segregation laws in the south for years following the Civil War and the ratification of the 13th, 14th, an 15th amendment. Du Bois describes life in the south for blacks after the Civil War in â€Å"Black Reconstruction† â€Å"In Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana, it was said in 1866 a year after slavery was abolished: ‘â€Å"The life of a negro is not worth much there. I have seen one w ho was shot in the leg while he was riding a mule, because the ruffian thought it more trouble to ask him to get off the mule than to shoot him’†. (Du Bois, pg 672). Although this country has come a long way since those days, racism is still an everyday issue today in America, whether it’s in a school, neighborhood, or related to the law. Everyday, many Americans are subject to racial profiling because of there ethnicity. Racial profiling is a type of discrimination where law enforcement uses a aShow MoreRelated Laughing And Sense Of Humor Essay856 Words   |  4 Pagesthere is no one, single character trait that will best identify a person. Humans are extremely complex. Most of us spend our entire lives trying to figure one another out. (This is especially true when attempting to figure out females.) Clues can be found anywhere. The books a person reads, the movies they watch and the games they play all reveal little bits of their character. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It is a fair comment though that the most revealing character trait a person has is their senseRead MoreThe Loons1387 Words   |  6 Pagesare based on stereotypes from her peers, which only consists of their physical appearance and territory. â€Å"It seems to me that Piquette must be in the same way a daughter of the forest, a kind of junior prophetess of the wilds, who might impart me, if I took the right approach, some of the secrets which she undoubtedly knew-where the whirlpool made her nest, how the coyote reared her young, or whatever it was that it said in Hiawatha† (Laurence 112). This description of Native life shows the readerRead MoreThe Labor Of Migrant And Seasonal Farmworkers1579 Words   |  7 Pagesages rang from 18 to 64. Considering the number of immigrants thriving the health status and needs of immigrants is important. This issue of immigrant farmworker is not being discussed in day to day basis. Many of these immigrants migrate for work but find themselves living in poverty, language barriers, working conditions, no heal th insurance and etc...Agriculture in the United States highly depends on chemicals like pesticide, growth regulator, and fertilizer. Every year 1 billion chemical is appliedRead More Racism in Literature Essay2573 Words   |  11 Pagesgenres like poems, stories, and plays. These works are written using a variety of elements of literature for instance setting, themes, conflict, and characters. The following essay discusses the element of racism as a theme in Margaret Laurence’s short story â€Å"The Loons,† Langston Hughes’ poem, I Too, Sing America, and W.E.B Du Bois’ book, â€Å"The Souls of Black Folk.† â€Å"The Loons† is a short story that was done by Margaret Laurence together with other stories in the sequence â€Å"A bird in the House† andRead MoreGoals and Strategies of the Civil Rights Movement Essay2437 Words   |  10 PagesRights Act of 1957. This political action intended to provide suffrage for blacks in Southern states; however, with the prevalent racism in the South, it was ignored. In response, black leader Martin Luther King Jr. would often deliver idealistic speeches about the triumphs blacks could achieve politically, socially, and economically. This is evident in Dr. King’s famed â€Å"I Have a Dream Speech,† which he made in 1963. As indicated by its title, the speech merely stirred the souls of countless blacksRead MoreEssay on Two Nation: The War Continues...2406 Words   |  10 PagesAmerica. He believes that race plays a larger role in America than it does anywhere else in the world. The title has many sources and foreshadows some of the conclusions he makes in the book. The â€Å"two nations† being discussed are the White nation and the African-American (Black) nation. It has been said many times in history that the two major races in this country have been separate, hostile and unequal. It is interesting to find out what Mr. Hacker thinks about all of this as well. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheRead MoreThe American Civil War : The Most Significant Turning Point?3462 Words   |  14 PagesIn considering the development of the USA in the years 1815-1917, how far can the union victory in the civil war be seen as the most significant turning point? The Union Victory in the American civil war is widely considered to be a turning point and could be seen as the catalyst in American History. Led by Abraham Lincoln, some may say it was the start of a new era. Time had gone by since the America gained its independence. The emancipation of slavery happened because of the Unions victory butRead MoreFidel Castro2633 Words   |  11 Pagespolitical figures. Fidel Castro Ruz was born in Biran, Cuba on August 13, 1926 (Britannica, 2014). Born into a middle class sugar farm owning family, Castro grew up relatively affluent but his origins pointed to anything but a revolutionary career. â€Å"I was born into a family of landowners in comfortable circumstances. We were considered rich and treated as such. Everyone lavished attention on me and treated me differently from other children. These other children went barefoot while we wore shoes;Read MoreMarxism and Class, Gender and Race: Rethinking the Trilogy5203 Words   |  21 Pagescontemporary social scientists? Less biased, albeit debatable, is the conclusion that Marxism, although offering crucial and unparalleled insights into the operation of capitalism, needs to develop the analytical tools to investigate the study of racism, sexism and classism (Belkhir, 1994: 79). To refer to class as classism is, from the standpoint of Marxist theory, a deeply misleading formulation (Eagleton, 199 6: 57; see also Kandal, 1995: 143) because class is not simply another ideology legitimatingRead MoreEuropean Imperialism after 18503310 Words   |  13 Pagesour world would clearly not be the same. Looking at it in a practical sense one can look at nearly 90 percent of the goods and services we have come to rely on today as products of imperialism, mostly from this period. We would likely not think of a banana as an easily acquired and relatively inexpensive commodity in fact we might not even know what half the common products and food stuffs we rely on today even are. I recently heard an anecdote that typifies this ideas, that the most popular national

Integrated Reporting for Auditing & Accountability- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theIntegrated Reporting for Auditing Accountability Journal. Answer: Introduction The main objective of this essay involves in the analysis and evaluation of all the related issue of integrated reporting so that its major benefits and limitations can be identified for the business entities. Integrated Reporting is regarded as a tool of concise communication showing how the business entities create value for long term, medium term and short term. Integration reporting provides great assistance to enhance the business entitys manner to plan, think and report the different aspects of their business (de Villiers, Rinaldi and Unerman 2014). Apart from this, the implementation of integrated reporting provides the organizations with a major tool that helps in establishing better communication with the stakeholders so that the needs of them can be identified and fulfilled in the most efficient manner. Business organizations irrespective the size and industry can adopt integrated reporting for the establishment of understating and trust within the organizations as one cann ot ignore the significance of trust among the company, stakeholder, suppliers, customers and others. The implementation of integrated reporting assists in bringing trust by focusing on the drivers of values within the organizations (Adams 2015). Benefits of Integrated Reporting The above discussion indicates towards the fact that integrated reporting play an important part in the business organizations for the creation of value. For the creation of value, it is required for the integrated reporting to be concise so that it becomes possible for the highlighting the adopted process by the companies to create value (de Villiers, Rinaldi and Unerman 2014). Thus, it needs to be mentioned that the implementation of integrated reporting provides some major benefits to the business entities and they are discussed below: The effective implementation of integrated reporting in the organizations makes the management of the companies in the development of a better and solid understanding about different elements of the organizations that helps in determining the companies ability for value creation (Flower 2015). Thus, the adoption of integrated reporting leads to the better planning mechanism of the companies and also contributes towards the development of a holistic view on the capital and other resources of the business entities. With the implementation of effective integrated reporting, the management of the business entities become able in gaining effective understanding about the financial capital of the businesses along with other non-financial capital of the companies. As per the framework of integrated reporting, there is the existence of six types of capital in the companies; they are financial capital, manufactured capital, intellectual capital, human capital, natural capital and social and r elationship capital (Abeysekera 2013). The presence of integrated reporting can be regarded as the considerations among various aspects of the above-mentioned capitals, internal factors and external environments. The importance of the presence of integrated reporting cannot be ignored for the implementation of an effective communication tool in order to adders the demands and issues of the stakeholders. It largely helps in the process of the optimization of organizational reporting. For example, integrated reporting can be used for the collaboration among more than one departments in order to share information and to create synergies (Cheng et al. 2014). It helps in the broadening of understanding and knowledge of organization people about different aspects of the companies. For this reason, to strengthen the internal dialogue among different departments can be considered as a major aim of integrated reporting that leads to bring efficiency in resources. For example, it can be seen that the integration between annual report and sustainability report saves both money and time of the entities and provides greater understanding on both the financial and non-financial issues (Cheng et al. 2014). Integrated reports helps in bringing greater efficiency in the value chain of the companies; that leads to faster and effective decision-making process. Bringing simplicity in the assumptions of risk and opportunity management is another positive contribution of integrated reporting. The implementation of integrated reporting contributes towards the correct disclosure of financial information and it operates as an external communication tool for enhancing the image of the entities to the external stakeholders (Stubbs and Higgins 2014). For this reason, the investors can obtain all the required financial information for judging the current financial standing and financial performance of the organizations. It implies that the investors can obtain a holistic picture of the financial conduction of the entities. Financial performance can be a major limiting factor in the way to create value as most of the stakeholders judge the companies based on their financial performance. For this reason, companies are required to provide access to the stakeholders to their audited financial reports for effective investment decision-making (Fras-Aceituno, Rodrguez-Ariza and Garca-Snchez 2013). Apart from financial performance, the stakeholders show their interest in other areas like adopted business model by the entities and overall strategies that help the companies in achieving their desired goals. All these factors are the main aspects of integrated reporting as this report includes information about all these aspects for providing the overall outlook of the organizations. It implies that integrated reporting puts additional focus in the non-financial aspects of the businesses. Major external stakeholders of the companies like creditors, investors, suppliers, lenders and others can understand value cre ation process of the companies by gaining all the required financial as well as non-financial information (Frias?Aceituno, Rodrguez?Ariza and Garcia?Snchez 2014). Integrated reporting should not be burdened with unnecessary details as it is not to report for endless details. It only includes the necessary information so that the erasers become able to get specific results. The implementation of integrated reporting makes the management of the companies largely beneficial as it ensures better access to the required data and information that leads to easier and faster decision-making process. In addition, it also increases the overall efficiency of the whole workforce (Garca-Snchez, Rodrguez-Ariza and Fras-Aceituno 2013). The transparent process to create value with the assistance of integrated reporting helps in bringing improvement in the risk management mechanism of the companies. In the presence of transparent organizations operations, the management becomes able to assess the risk and opportunities from the businesses for the development of effective risk mitigation strategies. The implementation of integrated reporting helps the management of the business entities in the identification of the most efficient employees within the organizations that leads to better value creation process. Value drivers are another major aspect of integrated reporting as it assists the management of the companies in the identification of the factors that work as drivers for creating value (Brown and Dillard 2014). Thus, based on the above discussion, it can be said that the implementation of integrated reporting helps the businesses from both the financial and non-financial perspectives. Limitations of Integrated Reporting The above discussion involves in the identification of the major benefits of the implementation of integrated reporting as the reporting tool. How, it needs t be mentioned that the business entities have to face certain limitation while dealing with the aspects of integrated reporting. All the major limitations related to integrated reporting is shown below: Value creation is the major objective of integrated reporting. However, business entities face some major challenges while creating value through integrated reporting due to the fact that sometimes companies fail in the underatsding and identification of the aspect that is considered as value to the stakeholders (Crowther 2016). After that, another major limitation of integrated reporting is connectivity in the presence of the fact to break down the silos in the business organization in order to bring change in the procedure for collecting data. There are many instances for the implementation of integrated reporting that shows the failure of the business entities to identify the scopes for changing positive improvement with the help of the connectivity of financial as well as non-financial information (Churet and Eccles 2014). By bringing improvement in the process of integrated reporting, management of the companies become able in establishing interrelatedness, combination and depen dencies in order to create value in a better possible manner. Reconciliation of the needs of the major stakeholders of the companies is considered as another major limitation in the way of the implementation of integrated reporting. It can be observed that almost 45% of the integrated reports become successful in providing the explanation about materiality determination process and the overall efficiency of integrated reporting become largely affected by this (Eccles and Krzus 2014). For this reason, maintaining the required consistency in the whole process of integrated reporting is regarded as another major limitation of it. It can be observed that most of the integrated reports have length over 150 pages and it creates difficulties for the management of the companies in the reconciliation of conciseness and efficient communication with the major stakeholders. The absence of balance between the good news and bad news in the integrated reports can be regarded as another major limitation of it as lack of reliability and completeness can be obse rved in most of the integrated reports (Higgins, Stubbs and Love 2014). In order to overcome this limitation, the management are required to understand what is a good news and a bad news that should be included in the integrated reports. Another major limitation of integrated reporting is the presence of resistance to change. At the time of the introducing integrated reporting process in the companies, the management faces major resistance from individual departments as well as specific employees due to the change in the procedures of financial reporting (Busco 2016). At the time of the implementation of integrated reporting, the business entities have to incur large amount of costs. At the same time, large degree of work involved in the process to implement integrated reporting. It implies that both the increased amount of work and higher cost are two of the major limitations of the implementation of integrated reporting (Bartocci and Picciaia 2013). As the overall transparency in reporting process increases due to integrated reporting, it exposes the business entities to some potential risks due to the fact that the companies are required to disclose positive as well as negative performance of them in both financia l as well as non-financial areas. The adoption of integrated reporting brings some drastic changes within the operations of the companies and whole integrated reporting implementation process takes huge time. It takes several years from the initial decision to the full implementation process of integrated reporting and thus, there is a need for great coordination (de Villiers, Rinaldi and Unerman 2014). Apart from this, it also demands experience as lack of experience can lead to the failure in the whole integrated reporting implementation process that can lead to waste of money and time for the companies. Most impotently, there is a need for correct and sufficient data and information for the implementation of integrated reporting as lack of correct and required information can make the whole implementation process ineffective that can lead in the failure of integrated reporting implementation. Moreover, some other limitations of integrated reporting are lack of time, limited number of employees, lack of financial r esources, lack of work alignment related to the clear role of employees in the whole implementation process and others (Cheng et al. 2014). Conclusion The above discussion indicates towards the fact that the implementation of integrated reporting ensures the increased efficiency in the reporting as well as effective value creation. The implementation of integrated reporting ensures that there is an effective tool of combination between the major stakeholders and the company to addressing their needs. Moreover, by accessing the integrated reports, the stakeholders can obtain a holistic picture about the whole financial as well as non-financial performance of the organizations. These benefits of integrated reporting come with some of the major limitations of it. The involvement of large amount of work and higher cost for the companies is considered as major limitations of integrated reporting. At the same time, absence of coordination and inexperienced workforce are major constraints in the effective implementation of integrated reporting. Another limitation of integrated reporting is the absence of conciseness in the reporting proce ss. Thus, in order to ensure the correct adoption and implementation of integrated reporting, companies are required to secure the support from all departments and the companies should take help of external expertise. Apart from this, the introduction of various strategies like training and development campaigns, effective communication and others can ensure the effective adoption of integrated reporting. References Abeysekera, I., 2013. A template for integrated reporting.Journal of Intellectual Capital,14(2), pp.227-245. Adams, C.A., 2015. The international integrated reporting council: a call to action.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,27, pp.23-28. Bartocci, L. and Picciaia, F., 2013. Towards integrated reporting in the public sector. InIntegrated Reporting(pp. 191-204). Springer, Cham. Brown, J. and Dillard, J., 2014. Integrated reporting: On the need for broadening out and opening up.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(7), pp.1120-1156. Busco, C.A., 2016.Integrated Reporting. Springer,. Cheng, M., Green, W., Conradie, P., Konishi, N. and Romi, A., 2014. The international integrated reporting framework: key issues and future research opportunities.Journal of International Financial Management Accounting,25(1), pp.90-119. Churet, C. and Eccles, R.G., 2014. Integrated reporting, quality of management, and financial performance.Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,26(1), pp.56-64. Crowther, D., 2016.A social critique of corporate reporting: Semiotics and web-based integrated reporting. Routledge. de Villiers, C., Rinaldi, L. and Unerman, J., 2014. Integrated Reporting: Insights, gaps and an agenda for future research.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(7), pp.1042-1067. Eccles, R.G. and Krzus, M.P., 2014.The integrated reporting movement: Meaning, momentum, motives, and materiality. John Wiley Sons. Flower, J., 2015. The international integrated reporting council: a story of failure.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,27, pp.1-17. Frias?Aceituno, J.V., Rodrguez?Ariza, L. and Garcia?Snchez, I.M., 2014. Explanatory factors of integrated sustainability and financial reporting.Business strategy and the environment,23(1), pp.56-72. Fras-Aceituno, J.V., Rodrguez-Ariza, L. and Garca-Snchez, I.M., 2013. Is integrated reporting determined by a country's legal system? An exploratory study.Journal of cleaner production,44, pp.45-55. Garca-Snchez, I.M., Rodrguez-Ariza, L. and Fras-Aceituno, J.V., 2013. The cultural system and integrated reporting.International Business Review,22(5), pp.828-838. Higgins, C., Stubbs, W. and Love, T., 2014. Walking the talk (s): Organisational narratives of integrated reporting.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(7), pp.1090-1119. Stubbs, W. and Higgins, C., 2014. Integrated reporting and internal mechanisms of change.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(7), pp.1068-1089.

The Hobbit Argumentative Essay Example For Students

The Hobbit Argumentative Essay The HobbitBy J. R. R. TolkienThe story begins with a small fellow by the name of Bilbo Baggins The Hobbit he lives is in his house and doing what hobbits do during the day. The first few chapters tell you what a hobbit is and what a hobbit looks like and also what his home looks like. Hobbits are smaller then dwarves and eat much more then dwarves do, hobbits eat six meals a day. Bilbo is cleaning his house and preparing for a meal when an old friend of his comes past his doorway and starts to chat with Bilbo about all his adventures he has been on. After a while of talking in Bilbos hobbit home he tricks poor Mr. Baggins into join a journey with Thirteen dwarves to revive their lost city that was over ran by Smuag, a mysterious dragon that was used for delivering messages from dwarves and elves. To continue with the story after the talk with his friend, who is a wizard. Gandalf invites himself over again and ask to bring some friends, and Bilbo, a polite and well-mannered hobbit could not say no. The next morning the doorbell rings and Bilbo happily opens the door, but in his shock it is not Gandalf but it is a group of dwarves twelve dwarves in hoods. As he invites them in they all introduce themselves and at the end of their introduction the last words are at your service, their names are Balin, Dwalin, Kili, Fili, Dori, Nori, Ori, Oin, Gloin, Bifur, Bofur , and Bombur, and last but not least Thorin Okensheild these were the last of their kind. They were the cities last hope of bringing back the city. That night the dwarves stayed at Bilbos house with extra bedrooms. And the next morning they would start the real journey to their destiny. We will write a custom essay on The Hobbit Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now That morning Bilbo got up late and was left with dishes from his company and was the only one to clean them up. After washing the dishes he sat down to have a smoke with his pipe and was disturbed again, but it was Gandalf telling him that they are staying at the town inn. As he rushed to meet them he made it theyre just in time and they started discussing the plan (for Bilbo was their burglar and his job was to find the entrance to the secret door on the mountain where Smuag lay asleep) after the plan was discussed they set out on their journey to revive the lost city. They all were to small to use horses so they used ponies, except for Gandalf who was human size. The first camp they made was near a river outside of town. When they woke up they all had a well breakfast, and got an early start on their journey and was pretty much a safe ride until it started to rain and they needed to look for a place to camp when Bilbo heard some feet and they sent him to invest- agate on what was the noise, and there he found trolls and tried to pick- pocket the troll, but as soon as he put his little hand in the pocket, the troll saw him and picked up Bilbo by his legs and dropped him wondering if he is tasty enough to eat. Just when bilbo was about to be eaten by a troll, the troll knew there was more of his type around in the forest so the trolls made a trap and they hid from them. When the dwarves got worried and angry when Bilbo didnt come back and he was not answering the calls of the dwarves they followed his hobbit footprints and saw the fire. They got too interested with the fire and didnt think about caution, they where easily captured by the trolls except Thorin Okensheild, he put up a fight and slashed the one trolls eye. But Bilbo wasnt captured he was just thrown into a bush and forgotten about. Gandalf was not captured, he left before the dwarves and Bilbo woke up. After capturing the dwarves they were thinking of ways to eat them and hurting them, but out of nowhere a voice came and said he disagreed with the trolls ideas and they started fighting one another and as the time passed they forgot about the sun rise (trolls turn to stone if they are touched by sun light and not under the ground) and that is what happened to them and allowed the dwarves to escape. But the night got worse and soontwo giants were throwing boulders at each other so the dwarves with Bilbo and Gandalf had to find shelter again ,so they hurried to the closest mountain which was currently occupied by goblins , who were at a war with the elves. As they took shelter in the cave they slowly dozed off to sleep the goblins attacked in their sleep and were captured and sent to the goblin king when the others were captured Gandalf shot a flare and killed seven of them and followed the goblins down the tunnels in pitch black darkness. When they got to the goblin king, Gandalf came out of the darkness and pulled out a great sword (made by the elves that glowed when goblins are near) and stuck the king right in the heart, and all the goblins scared, ran as far as possible and allowed the dwarves and company to get away. When the dwarves ran to get away they didnt know the way because of two reasons, one reason is because it was pitch dark and there were so many tunnels soon after running down different tunnels the goblins soon chased them and caught up to them, and knocked down Dori who was carrying Bilbo, who was knocked down when a goblin tripped him and Bilbo was thrown down a hole and could not meet up with the others because he hit his head on the way down and the others took off without him. In the dark, all alone and not knowing where he was, crawling around on his knees he put his hand on something small, circular and cold and he slipped it into his pocket. Soon after awhile of crawling he fell into water and went fully under the water when he slipped out of the water. When Bilbo was dried off, he noticed a pair of eyes coming to him and was scared so he pulled out his dagger and told the monster to stop where he was and not to move, the monster was curious who he was and what he is doing in his tunnel. The monsters name was Gollum who was alive for many years. He would catch lost goblins and ones that strayed away from the group. Bilbo was very scared of the monster because he did not know what kind of creature it was or if it was hungry for Bilbo, so he asked the monster if he wanted to play a game with him. The game was to ask each other riddles and if Bilbo stumped Gollum he would have to show him the way out, but if Bilbo lost, Gollum could do any thing he wanted to him. Bilbo won of course but it was long and hard. So Gollum the loser, was very mad and decided to kill him anyway and do it very quick. So he said he had to go back to his island and look for something that would help him find the way when it would turn Gollum invisible and be able to kill Bilbo, but he could not find it because he dropped it in the tunnels catching a lost goblin and killing him. Gollum was furious and Bilbo was getting impatient waiting for him. The last riddle of Bilbos was what was in his pocket, which was Gollums present, the ring, and when Gollum had discovered it he began rowing as fast as he can towards Bilbo, to get his ring back. Bilbo slipped on the ring and was invisible but tripped over a loose root and Gollum ran right past him and Bilbo got up and followed him to the secret exit and found out that Bilbo didnt know the way so he sat down and waited for bilbo to show up when he was right behind him the whole time. So Bilbo had to escape, he ran back some and he jumped higher than any hobbit had ever jumped and cleared Gollums head by an inch and ran through the door and past the goblins. After he ran past the goblins there was one more tunnel he had to go through and he could see the light from the door but it was guarded with many goblins. He slipped in between their legs and their feet and tried to get out the look out window but he got stuck and with one hard push he was out but he lost his buttons and his belt ripped. The goblins where puzzled how the buttons had shown up and soon looked out the look out window and saw Bilbos shadow and so they chased him until he hid in the shadows of the trees. He ran for a good bit until he saw Bifur on look- out duty. When Bilbo was past him he took off his ring and they were all amazed how he had gotten out of the tunnels alive and he told the story (without including the ring) and they were all amazed and admired h im. After they woke up, they started on their way and Gandalf was leading them to an old friend of his. When they got to his land he told them that he was a skin changer and lived in a place with a lot of animals and rare plants. Gandalf told them to come two by two every five minutes or so and Bilbo was to come with Gandalf. When they found him he invited them and they told the story of what has happened so far and slowly the dwarves started to come in his house. After supper they all went to bed in a comfortable bed and dreamthorrible dreams about the goblins getting them in their sleep and all of them woke up in sweat. When Beorn came home from a walk he went to see if their story was true, it was so he lent them ponies and supplies and sent them on the way to Mirkwood , where he told them of the dangers and to stay on the path. When they got to the entrance of Mirkwood they had to send their ponies back and Gandalf did not follow them through Mirkwood he went back with the ponie s to Beorn. They camped that night at the entrance and when they woke up they would go in and follow the path and they did just that until they got to the first thing Beorn warned them about, the Black River, that if you drank from, touched or fell in you would forget all that you remembered or knew. They saw a boat up stream and threw a rope and got it as they brought it over they crossed the river two by two with Bombur going last because he was the fattest and when he was about to get up on the land a deer jumped out from a bush and kicked him into the river and as the dwarves shot at it, it was to late, the deer had already been far away and they had wasted arrows on it and Bombur was saved and brought up on land and was in a deep sleep and so they carried him from there until he would wake. Their rations where low and they where very hungry and tired when Bombur woke up from the long sleep and was hungry and they wished he would shut up and stop talking about the feast he had i n his dreams with the elf king. That night they took camp and Bilbo was to take guard, so he did. But slowly drifted to sleep and when he woke up he was alone and was trapped by a spiders web it was around his feet and he pulled out his knife and slashed the spider across his eyes and escaped to look for his friends when all the sudden he could hear spiders talking about the dwarves and how they where easy to capture except for one, and it was Thorin, who had killed a spider, but when he took count he saw that one was missing so he slipped on his ring and tricked the spiders by teasing them and calling them names. And so they chased after the voice and he left them in the woods and cut the dwarves down as easy as possible and let them free from the webs. After they got up Bilbo had told them about the ring and they didnt think less of him, they thought more of him, that he was a better burglar with it and after the story the dwarves where captured by elves, but Bilbo still had the r ing on so he didnt get caught and he could see where they where taking the dwarves. When the dwarves were sent to prison by the elf king they were fed. Bilbo was exploring the palace and he found out that Thorin had been captured as well. He had fully explored the palace and had memorized the passageways. When he heard of a great party coming up he thought of ways to get the dwarves out. He heard about a back door where empty barrels were dropped and it was a perfect chance so he got ready and made sure nothing would go wrong. When the party came, the elves who carried the keys had some special wine and it knocked them out and it was a sign for his plan to go in action, so he did and got all the dwarves even Thorin who was on the other side of the palace and then got them to the trap door and locked them in empty barrels and the door opened and the barrels were dropped into the water, but some hit the walls and edges and Bilbo jumped down and followed them in the cold water on a bar rel that kept on turning over. Right before they got to the Lake Town, where the barrels were suppose to go he gathered them up and checked them for the dwarves and found that most of them were bruised up and cut, others were cramped and stuffy and others were fine. When they went out to explore the area they saw village guards and out of nowhere Thorin popped out and said, I am Thorin Okensheild son of the king under the hill and I wish to speak with the king of this town. And the guards took him to the table where the king had been at a feast with some of the elf men. When the king gave them shelter and healed them and they regained their strength because their journey was about to come to an end, for they were going to go up the hill and find Smuag the dragon who killed the dwarves village and their king. And they were going to get back what was theirs the gold of the mountain. When they where fully healed the where escorted by the kings men until they got to the end of the river where the mountain started. When they got started up the mountain, they took camp because they wanted an early start on Smaug. As they slowly climbed the mountain they searched for the secret path that was on Thorins map and it was Bilbos job to find the way in. When they found the door they could not find the way to get it open so they sent Bilbo there and made him sit there until he found a way to get it open, but until then they searched for another way into the mountain. When they took camp on their seventh night on the mountain Bilbo saw a rock sticking out of a grassy area the moonlight shined on the rock and soon the wall behind him started to shake and crumble when Bilbo made a large scream for Thorin to put his key, which he held around his neck. When Thorin put the key in, the door swung up and it reeked and it was dark. They sent Bilbo in and he was very scared and didnt want to go alone but he did anyway, so as he slowly moved down the long tunnel he finally reached the other side where he saw a bright red and golden glow. There lay Smuag, with his wings under him and his tail curled around him and his long head on top of his tail. Bilbo slowly entered the room and took a large cup filled with wine that was still good and he brought it back to the dwarves and they drank that night and slept well. When they woke it was not pleasant and it had sounded like the mountain was going to explode. When Smuag flew high out of the mountain in a rage and saw the ponies and the old camps of the dwarves. The ponies fled with fear but most were caught and eaten. When the dragon returned and went back down to his chamber to wait for the thief to return and try to steal again but Bilbo was not that dumb, so he went to the entrance of the chamber and the dragon knew he was there, although he couldnt see him. His keen sense of smell had picked his scent up. The dragon knew he was traveling with the dwarves because he never forgot their taste but there was a new tast e with the dwarves and he couldnt find out what it was. Bilbo was at the doorway not daring to try and steal again but trying to see if the dragon was asleep. But when he looked in the far edge of the dragons left eye he could see the flame and the glare peeping out, looking for the thief, But he could not see him so he spoke out and said I know you are there, although I can not see you I know you are here so why dont you help yourself to more treasure thief. And with a scared reply he answered no thank you and soon they started to talk. And the dragon insisting on knowing who Bilbo was would constantly ask but Bilbo would answer in a smart remark, I am the barrel rider from the East who sneaks into your cave to catch you off guard to steal your marvelous treasure. And the dragon now knowing where he came from, because of his little hint barrel rider he now knows his next area to attack Lake Town. After that little hint, Bilbo started to get cocky. The dragon rose to the tunnel and with a snort he shot flames as hot as lava down the tunnel. The flames burned the hair on Bilbo from his head to his toes. Now, Bilbo going back to the dwarves, with the burns told them to close the door. For the dragon will destroy the whole side just to find them, so they closed the door, and just at that moment the dragon started his rage on the mountain. And it was just in time because if they didnt close the door they would have been crushed and killed. The dragon now out, was going to Lake Town, away from his chamber. There was a chance to let the dwarves explore the chamber and that is what they did. They found ancient armor and weapons strong enough to break solid gold. After getting the armor and weapons they wanted to get out, Thorin led them to the main gate. There, they went for an old look- out post, which was used back when Thorins father ruled. When the dragon reached Lake Town he was enraged and tried to destroy all that he could, burning buildings and houses. Smashi ng building with his tail and as the people fled even the great king fled. Few stayed to protect, one was a tall man by the name of Bard, an expert archer and was a descendant of the Lord of Dale, who used the dragons as messengers and could understand them and their weak points. Smuags weak spot was on his left breast. As the dragon made his third pass on the town, the ancient language came to Bard, and told him to shoot an arrow through the left breast scale of the dragon and he shall die. So with his last arrow that was given to him from his father, which Bard had always recovered it from high or low, was shot when the dragon passed by again. And down he went, into the lake around the town and the water was cold enough to put out the dragons flames forever. As the people started return to the town and the king did too, in shame, for he was one of the first people to leave. The people of Lake Town were sad, not for their homes but because they couldnt find Bard, the slayer of the dragon, but out of the fog there was a dark and tall man with a bow and a black arrow drenched in freezing cold water. After killing the dragon, Bard remembers the ancient treasure is in the mountain. Bard and some of the towns men go to find the treasure. He puts the treasure in barrels and travels to the city of Dale. Bard and the town men meet up with the dwarfs. Then Bard and the dwarfs talk about their ancestors. The dwarfs and the towns people start to rebuild Dale. And with some barrels of treasure, they reward Bilbo for his services, and escort him home. Words/ Pages : 3,761 / 24

Free Essays on Guns Of August

The Guns of August BOOK SUMMARY In May of 1910, the funeral of Edward VII of England took place. There were many royals in attendance there, including Kaiser William II of Germany, who disliked his uncle Edward and accused him of the encirclement of Germany. Edwards sociability resulted in reconciliation with France and a new friendship with Germany. Both arose the displeasure of William, who tried to rectify his situation with Russia and get them away from France although this failed. Soon thereafter, several publications on the prediction of a coming war were made public. Edwards magnificent funeral had the greatest assemblage of royalty and rank ever gathered in one place and, of its kind, the last. This was also to be the state of things prior to the first World War. PLANS Germany, France, Britain, and Russia were all prepared to make war, which was almost inevitable. Each country formulated secret military strategies that were to be used during this great war. Germanys plan of attack was the original idea of Count Alfred von Schlieffen. He, not wanting to fight a two-front war, decided to attack France first, swiftly by way of Belgium and attacking from the rear thus bringing about Frances envelopment. Although Belgium was declared neutral territory, he felt that it was a military necessity. This left East Prussia scarcely guarded, using primarily reserves, but the plan was to achieve a quick victory over France followed by an attack on Russia. Although it was predicted that a longer war might result because of the modernization of resources, it was not followed through with and no plans for a long battle were made. Instead, the idea of a decisive battle was held on to. In France, their military strategy was at first to attack Germany with a two-prong ed offensive through Germanys center and left. Their main goal was to win back Alsace-Lorraine. General Ferdinand Foch was mainly in control of French military thinking and belie... Free Essays on Guns Of August Free Essays on Guns Of August The Guns of August BOOK SUMMARY In May of 1910, the funeral of Edward VII of England took place. There were many royals in attendance there, including Kaiser William II of Germany, who disliked his uncle Edward and accused him of the encirclement of Germany. Edwards sociability resulted in reconciliation with France and a new friendship with Germany. Both arose the displeasure of William, who tried to rectify his situation with Russia and get them away from France although this failed. Soon thereafter, several publications on the prediction of a coming war were made public. Edwards magnificent funeral had the greatest assemblage of royalty and rank ever gathered in one place and, of its kind, the last. This was also to be the state of things prior to the first World War. PLANS Germany, France, Britain, and Russia were all prepared to make war, which was almost inevitable. Each country formulated secret military strategies that were to be used during this great war. Germanys plan of attack was the original idea of Count Alfred von Schlieffen. He, not wanting to fight a two-front war, decided to attack France first, swiftly by way of Belgium and attacking from the rear thus bringing about Frances envelopment. Although Belgium was declared neutral territory, he felt that it was a military necessity. This left East Prussia scarcely guarded, using primarily reserves, but the plan was to achieve a quick victory over France followed by an attack on Russia. Although it was predicted that a longer war might result because of the modernization of resources, it was not followed through with and no plans for a long battle were made. Instead, the idea of a decisive battle was held on to. In France, their military strategy was at first to attack Germany with a two-prong ed offensive through Germanys center and left. Their main goal was to win back Alsace-Lorraine. General Ferdinand Foch was mainly in control of French military thinking and belie... Free Essays on Guns Of August The Guns of August BOOK SUMMARY In May of 1910, the funeral of Edward VII of England took place. There were many royals in attendance there, including Kaiser William II of Germany, who disliked his uncle Edward and accused him of the encirclement of Germany. Edwards sociability resulted in reconciliation with France and a new friendship with Germany. Both arose the displeasure of William, who tried to rectify his situation with Russia and get them away from France although this failed. Soon thereafter, several publications on the prediction of a coming war were made public. Edwards magnificent funeral had the greatest assemblage of royalty and rank ever gathered in one place and, of its kind, the last. This was also to be the state of things prior to the first World War. PLANS Germany, France, Britain, and Russia were all prepared to make war, which was almost inevitable. Each country formulated secret military strategies that were to be used during this great war. Germanys plan of attack was the original idea of Count Alfred von Schlieffen. He, not wanting to fight a two-front war, decided to attack France first, swiftly by way of Belgium and attacking from the rear thus bringing about Frances envelopment. Although Belgium was declared neutral territory, he felt that it was a military necessity. This left East Prussia scarcely guarded, using primarily reserves, but the plan was to achieve a quick victory over France followed by an attack on Russia. Although it was predicted that a longer war might result because of the modernization of resources, it was not followed through with and no plans for a long battle were made. Instead, the idea of a decisive battle was held on to. In France, their military strategy was at first to attack Germany with a two-prong ed offensive through Germanys center and left. Their main goal was to win back Alsace-Lorraine. General Ferdinand Foch was mainly in control of French military thinking and belie...

Does being in jail rehabilitate or institutionalize nimates Essay

Does being in jail rehabilitate or institutionalize nimates - Essay Example As asserted by Red Redding from the film: â€Å"These walls are funny. First you hate them, then you get used to them, until it gets to you depend on them. Thats institutionalized† (Voegele, n.d., par. 2). The current discourse hereby aims to reflect on the events that transpired in the lives of prisoners in the film, Shawshank Redemption and to respond to the question: Does being in jail rehabilitate or institutionalize inmates? One hereby affirms that the effect of being in jail could either be to rehabilitate or institutionalize inmates, depending on the length of time that these prisoners have been confined in jail, as well as the expected life there still is outside prison walls. The justice system has been observed to be designed in such a way that prisoners who committed a crime and were found to have made major violations of the law would be accorded the chance to be transformed, rehabilitated and reintegrated in society. One’s assertion is that rehabilitation would only be deemed successful when some factors or conditions are present: perceiving an optimistic and productive life after prison and having support systems (housing, health care, and employment). These factors were summed by Voegele (n.d.) as the presence of hope. As such, one of the major characters in the film, Andy Dufresne, remained steadfast in faith and hope that he would someday get out of the prison walls and leave a quiet and peaceful life in a little obscure place in Mexico. Prison, for Andy, would be a means of rehabilitation: a chance to reflect on the life where hard work insitutionalized him. Concurrently, there were prisoners who knew nothing about the outside world as most of their adult lives have been spent in prison. From various studies and discourses, and from observing the lives of prisoners in Shawshank Redemption, there were psychological effects of imprisonent which could be described in the concept of institutionalization. It could therefore be inferred that

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Set Induction - Essay Example The set should be clear enough for the students to know what is expected of them. It should also help them have an idea of what to expect from their instructor. A good set should also help create motivation among learners. This motivation will help enhance clarity and enable students to be fully engaged in the whole learning process (Schuck, 227). Proper set induction by course instructors is necessary for creating interest in and understanding of a new subject among students. I attended an in-depth science class to assess the impact of set induction on students. The lecturer just went straight for the lecture notes once the lesson began. There was no introduction to the lesson; therefore there was nothing to grip the attention of the students. The lecturer used power-point presentations for his notes, which were all in the class text books. I thought that set induction to the subject was lacking. The lecturer did nothing to introduce the students to the new concept of the lesson, and yet this is a science class in which students need to understand the concept from the beginning. The lecturer did not welcome the students, and I sensed some indifference in the way he started the lecture without settling the students down. This sense of indifference was also obvious among the students who lost attention during the early stages of the lesson. Some of them turned to other activities that were not related at all to what they were learning, like sending emails and messages on their phones. I think that the way the lecturer started his lecture was not the right way to go about any learning process. He should have used a simple set induction to get the students ready for whatever he was going to teach them. I think the students turned to other activities other than paying attention to what the lecturer was saying due to the fact that they did not understand anything he said. The lack of attention could also be attributed to the fact that the instructor used

Crystal Field Theory Versus Valence Bond Theory Engineering Essay

Crystal Field Theory Versus Valence Bond Theory Engineering Essay Crystal field theory is a model that describes the electronic structure of transition metal compounds, all of which can be considered coordination complexes. CFT successfully accounts for some magnetic properties, colours, hydration enthalpies, and spinel structures of transition metal complexes, but it does not attempt to describe bonding. CFT was developed by physicists Hans Bethe and John Hasbrouck van VlecK in the 1930s. CFT was subsequently combined with molecular orbital theory to form the more realistic and complex ligand field theory (LFT), which delivers insight into the process of chemical bonding in transition metal complexes. In the ionic CFT, it is assumed that the ions are simple point charges. When applied to alkali metal ions containing a symmetric sphere of charge, calculations of energies are generally quite successful. The approach taken uses classical potential energy equations that take into account the attractive and repulsive interactions between charged particles (that is, Coulombs Law interactions). Electrostatic Potential is proportional to q1 * q2/r where q1 and q2 are the charges of the interacting ions and r is the distance separating them. This leads to the correct prediction that large cations of low charge, such as K+ and Na+, should form few coordination compounds. For transition metal cations that contain varying numbers of d electrons in orbitals that are NOT spherically symmetric, however, the situation is quite different. The shape and occupation of these d-orbitals then becomes important in an accurate description of the bond energy and properties of the transition metal compound According to CFT, the interaction between a transition metal and ligands arises from the attraction between the positively charged metal cation and negative charge on the non-bonding electrons of the ligand. The theory is developed by considering energy changes of the five degenerate d-orbitals upon being surrounded by an array of point charges consisting of the ligands. As a ligand approaches the metal ion, the electrons from the ligand will be closer to some of the d-orbitals and farther away from others causing a loss of degeneracy. The electrons in the d-orbitals and those in the ligand repel each other due to repulsion between like charges. Thus the d-electrons closer to the ligands will have a higher energy than those further away which results in the d-orbitals splitting in energy. This splitting is affected by the following factors:- 1. The nature of the metal ion. 2. The metals oxidation state. A higher oxidation state leads to a larger splitting. 3. The arrangement of the ligands around the metal ion. 4. The nature of the ligands surrounding the metal ion. The stronger the effect of the ligands then the greater the difference between the high and low energy 3d groups. The most common type of complex is octahedral; here six ligands form an octahedron around the metal ion. In octahedral symmetry the d-orbitals split into two sets with an energy difference, Άoct (the crystal-field splitting parameter) where the dxy, dxz and dyz orbitals will be lower in energy than the dz2 and dx2-y2, which will have higher energy, because the former group are farther from the ligands than the latter and therefore experience less repulsion. The three lower-energy orbitals are collectively referred to as t2g, and the two higher-energy orbitals as eg. (These labels are based on the theory of molecular symmetry). Typical orbital energy diagrams are given below in the section High-spin and low-spin. Tetrahedral complexes are the second most common type; here four ligands form a tetrahedron around the metal ion. In a tetrahedral crystal field splitting the d-orbitals again split into two groups, with an energy difference of Άtet where the lower energy orbitals will be dz2 and dx2-y2, and the higher energy orbitals will be dxy, dxz and dyz opposite to the octahedral case. Furthermore, since the ligand electrons in tetrahedral symmetry are not oriented directly towards the d-orbitals, the energy splitting will be lower than in the octahedral case. Square planar and other complex geometries can also be described by CFT. The size of the gap Ά between the two or more sets of orbitals depends on several factors, including the ligands and geometry of the complex. Some ligands always produce a small value of Ά, while others always give a large splitting. The reasons behind this can be explained by ligand field theory. The spectrochemical series is an empirically-derived list of ligands ordered by the size of the splitting Ά that they produce (small Ά to large Ά; see also this table): Ià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The oxidation state of the metal also contributes to the size of Ά between the high and low energy levels. As the oxidation state increases for a given metal, the magnitude of Ά increases. A V3+ complex will have a larger Ά than a V2+ complex for a given set of ligands, as the difference in charge density allows the ligands to be closer to a V3+ ion than to a V2+ ion. The smaller distance between the ligand and the metal ion results in a larger Ά, because the ligand and metal electrons are closer together and therefore repel more. High-spin and low-spin [Fe(NO2)6]3à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ crystal field diagram Ligands which cause a large splitting Ά of the d- orbitals are referred to as strong-field ligands, such as CNà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and CO from the spectrochemical series. In complexes with these ligands, it is unfavourable to put electrons into the high energy orbitals. Therefore, the lower energy orbitals are completely filled before population of the upper sets starts according to the Aufbau principle. Complexes such as this are called low spin. For example, NO2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is a strong-field ligand and produces a large Ά. The octahedral ion [Fe(NO2)6]3à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, which has 5 d-electrons, would have the octahedral splitting diagram shown at right with all five electrons in the t2g level. [FeBr6]3à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ crystal field diagram Conversely, ligands (like Ià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and Brà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢) which cause a small splitting Ά of the d-orbitals are referred to as weak-field ligands. In this case, it is easier to put electrons into the higher energy set of orbitals than it is to put two into the same low-energy orbital, because two electrons in the same orbital repel each other. So, one electron is put into each of the five d-orbitals before any pairing occurs in accord with Hunds rule and high spin complexes are formed. For example, Brà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is a weak-field ligand and produces a small Άoct. So, the ion [FeBr6]3à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, again with five d-electrons, would have an octahedral splitting diagram where all five orbitals are singly occupied. In order for low spin splitting to occur, the energy cost of placing an electron into an already singly occupied orbital must be less than the cost of placing the additional electron into an eg orbital at an energy cost of Ά. As noted above, eg refers to the dz2 and dx2-y2 which are higher in energy than the t2g in octahedral complexes. If the energy required to pair two electrons is greater than the energy cost of placing an electron in an eg, Ά, high spin splitting occurs. The crystal field splitting energy for tetrahedral metal complexes (four ligands) is referred to as Άtet, and is roughly equal to 4/9Άoct (for the same metal and same ligands). Therefore, the energy required to pair two electrons is typically higher than the energy required for placing electrons in the higher energy orbitals. Thus, tetrahedral complexes are usually high-spin. The use of these splitting diagrams can aid in the prediction of the magnetic properties of coordination compounds. A compound that has unpaired electrons in its splitting diagram will be paramagnetic and will be attracted by magnetic fields, while a compound that lacks unpaired electrons in its splitting diagram will be diamagnetic and will be weakly repelled by a magnetic field. Crystal field stabilization energy The crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE) is the stability that results from placing a transition metal ion in the crystal field generated by a set of ligands. It arises due to the fact that when the d-orbitals are split in a ligand field (as described above), some of them become lower in energy than before with respect to a spherical field known as the barycenter in which all five d-orbitals are degenerate. For example, in an octahedral case, the t2g set becomes lower in energy than the orbitals in the barycenter. As a result of this, if there are any electrons occupying these orbitals, the metal ion is more stable in the ligand field relative to the barycenter by an amount known as the CFSE. Conversely, the eg orbitals (in the octahedral case) are higher in energy than in the barycenter, so putting electrons in these reduces the amount of CFSE. Octahedral crystal field stabilization energyIf the splitting of the d-orbitals in an octahedral field is Άoct, the three t2g orbitals are stabilized relative to the barycenter by 2/5 Άoct, and the eg orbitals are destabilized by 3/5 Άoct. As examples, consider the two d5 configurations shown further up the page. The low-spin (top) example has five electrons in the t2g orbitals, so the total CFSE is 5 x 2/5 Άoct = 2Άoct. In the high-spin (lower) example, the CFSE is (3 x 2/5 Άoct) (2 x 3/5 Άoct) = 0 in this case, the stabilization generated by the electrons in the lower orbitals is canceled out by the destabilizing effect of the electrons in the upper orbitals. Crystal Field stabilization is applicable to transition-metal complexes of all geometries. Indeed, the reason that many d8 complexes are square-planar is the very large amount of crystal field stabilization that this geometry produces with this number of electrons. Explaining the colours of transition metal complexes The bright colours exhibited by many coordination compounds can be explained by Crystal Field Theory. If the d-orbitals of such a complex have been split into two sets as described above, when the molecule absorbs a photon of visible light one or more electrons may momentarily jump from the lower energy d-orbitals to the higher energy ones to transiently create an excited state atom. The difference in energy between the atom in the ground state and in the excited state is equal to the energy of the absorbed photon, and related inversely to the wavelength of the light. Because only certain wavelengths (ÃŽÂ ») of light are absorbed those matching exactly the energy difference the compounds appears the appropriate complementary colour. As explained above, because different ligands generate crystal fields of different strengths, different colours can be seen. For a given metal ion, weaker field ligands create a complex with a smaller Ά, which will absorb light of longer ÃŽÂ » and thus lower frequency ÃŽÂ ½. Conversely, stronger field ligands create a larger Ά, absorb light of shorter ÃŽÂ », and thus higher ÃŽÂ ½. It is, though, rarely the case that the energy of the photon absorbed corresponds exactly to the size of the gap Ά; there are other things (such as electron-electron repulsion and Jahn-Teller effects) that also affect the energy difference between the ground and excited states Crystal field splitting diagrams Crystal field splitting diagrams Octahedral Pentagonal bipyramidal Square antiprismatic Square planar Square pyramidal Tetrahedral Trigonal bipyramidal LIMITATIONS(CFT):- CFT ignores the attractive forces the d-electrons of the metal ion and neuclear charge on the ligand atom. Therefore all the properties are dependent upon the ligand orbitals and their interaction with metal orbitals are not explained. In CFT model partial covalency of metal -ligand bond is not taken into consideration According to CFT metal-ligand bonding is purely electrostatic. In CFT only d-electrons of the metal ion are considered .the other metal orbitals such as s,Px,Py,Pz are taken into considerations. In CFT à Ã¢â€š ¬-orbitals of ligand are not considered The theory cant explain the relative strength of the ligands i.e. it cannot explain that why water is stronger than OH according to spectrochemical series . It does not explain the charge transfer spectra on the intensities of the absorption bands. VALENCE BOND THEORY(VBT) In chemistry, valence bond theory is one of two basic theories, along with molecular orbital theory, that developed to use the methods of quantum mechanics to explain chemical bonding. It focuses on how the atomic orbitals of the dissociated atoms combine on molecular formation to give individual chemical bonds. In contrast, molecular orbital theory has orbitals that cover the whole molecule According to this theory a covalent bond is formed between the two atoms by the overlap of half filled valence atomic orbitals of each atom containing one unpaired electron. A valence bond structure is similar to a Lewis structure, but where a single Lewis structure cannot be written, several valence bond structures are used. Each of these VB structures represents a specific Lewis structure. This combination of valence bond structures is the main point of resonance theory. Valence bond theory considers that the overlapping atomic orbitals of the participating atoms form a chemical bond. Because of the overlapping, it is most probable that electrons should be in the bond region. Valence bond theory views bonds as weakly coupled orbitals (small overlap). Valence bond theory is typically easier to employ in ground state molecules. v The overlapping atomic orbitals can differ. The two types of overlapping orbitals are sigma and pi. Sigma bonds occur when the orbitals of two shared electrons overlap head-to-head. Pi bonds occur when two orbitals overlap when they are parallel. For example, a bond between two s-orbital electrons is a sigma bond, because two spheres are always coaxial. In terms of bond order, single bonds have one sigma bond, double bonds consist of one sigma bond and one pi bond, and triple bonds contain one sigma bond and two pi bonds. However, the atomic orbitals for bonding may be hybrids. Often, the bonding atomic orbitals have a character of several possible types of orbitals. The methods to get an atomic orbital with the proper character for the bonding is called hybridization VB THEORY IN TODAYS DATE:- Valence bond theory now complements Molecular Orbital Theory (MO theory), which does not adhere to the VB idea that electron pairs are localized between two specific atoms in a molecule but that they are distributed in sets of molecular orbitals which can extend over the entire molecule. MO theory can predict magnetic properties in a straightforward manner, while valence bond theory gives similar results but is more complicated. Valence bond theory views aromatic properties of molecules as due to resonance between Kekule, Dewar and possibly ionic structures, while molecular orbital theory views it as delocalization of the à Ã¢â€š ¬-electrons. The underlying mathematics are also more complicated limiting VB treatment to relatively small molecules. On the other hand, VB theory provides a much more accurate picture of the reorganization of electronic charge that takes place when bonds are broken and formed during the course of a chemical reaction. In particular, valence bond theory co rrectly predicts the dissociation of homonuclear diatomic molecules into separate atoms, while simple molecular orbital theory predicts dissociation into a mixture of atoms and ions. More recently, several groups have developed what is often called modern valence bond theory. This replaces the overlapping atomic orbitals by overlapping valence bond orbitals that are expanded over a large number of basis functions, either centered each on one atom to give a classical valence bond picture, or centered on all atoms in the molecule. The resulting energies are more competitive with energies from calculations where electron correlation is introduced based on a Hartree-Fock reference wavefunction. Applications of VB theory An important aspect of the VB theory is the condition of maximum overlap which leads to the formation of the strongest possible bonds. This theory is used to explain the covalent bond formation in many molecules. For Example in the case of F2 molecule the F F bond is formed by the overlap of pz orbitals of the two F atoms each containing an unpaired electron. Since the nature of the overlapping orbitals are different in H2 and F2 molecules, the bond strength and bond lengths differ between H 2 and F2 molecules. In a HF molecule the covalent bond is formed by the overlap of 1s orbital of H and 2pz orbital of F each containing an unpaired electron. Mutual sharing of electrons between H and F results in a covalent bond between HF COMPARISON OF CFT AND VBT Some of the properties of complexes which could not be explained on the basis of valence bond theory are satisfactorily explained by crystal field theory.CFT is thus definitely an improvement over vbt these are the following merits of cft over vbt will prove that statement: CFT predicts a gradual change in magnetic properties of complexes rather than the abrupt change predicted by VBT . In some complexes ,when Ά is very close to P, simple temperature changes may affect the magnetic properties of complexes .Thus the CFT provides theoretical basis for understanding and predicting the variations of magnetic moments with temperature as well as detailed magnetic properties of complexes ,this is just in contrast of VBT which can not predict or explain magnetic behaviour beyond the level of specifying the number of unpaired electrons. Though the assumptions inherent in VBT and CFT are vastly different , the main difference lies in their description of the orbitals not occupied in the low spin states .VBT forbids their use as they are involved in forming hybrid orbitals, while they are involved in forming hybrid orbitals, while CFT strongly discourages their use as they are repelled by the ligands. According to VBT, the bond between the metal and the ligand is covalent,,while according to CFT it is purely ionic. The bond is now considered to have both ionic and covalent charachter .Unlike valence bond theory CFT provides a framework for the ready interpretation of such phenomenon as tretagonal distortions. CFT provides satisfactory explanation for the colour of transition metal complexes , i.e. spectral properties ofcomplexes, i.e. spectral properties of complexes. CFT can semiquantitatevily explain certain thermodynamic and kinetic properties. CFT makes possible a clear understanding of stereochemical properties of complexes. REFRENCES J. H. Van Vleck, Theory of the Variations in Paramagnetic Anisotropy Among Different Salts of the Iron Group, Phys. Rev. 41, 208 215 (1932)[1] Zumdahl, Steven S. Chemical Principles Fifth Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005. 550-551,957-964. 3) Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, Fourth Edition. New York: McGraw Hill Company, 2006. 1028 -1034. 4 )D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins Inorganic Chemistry 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 2001. Pages: 227-236. 5) http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm:1104/courses/CFT.html Murrel, J. N.; S. F. Tedder (1985). The Chemical Bond. John Wiley Sons. ISBN 0-471-90759-6 6) I. Hargittai, When Resonance Made Waves, The Chemical Intelligencer 1, 34 (1995)) 7) Shaik, Sason S.; Phillipe C. Hiberty (2008). A Chemists Guide to Valence Bond Theory. New Jersey: Wiley-Interscience. 8)text book of cordination chemistry by dr.R.K. sharma pg 61,62 9)engineering chemistry by A.K.pahari,B.S.chauhan.